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Greenwashing – misleading people over environmental claims – can be a form of corruption or a form of fraud. It damages trust, and undermines public confidence in climate action.

While ESG practices offer businesses benefits such as improved financial performance and reputation, they also present challenges including short-term costs and lack of standardisation.

Multistakeholder partnerships can coordinate their actions to share risks and combine resources and skills to solve common problems.

Corruption risks in vaccine research and clinical trials in lower-income nations, include undue influence, bribery and misappropriation of the research funds.

Countries are increasingly sanctioning individuals for collusion and cartel activities, but its effectiveness is still disputed.

Investment promotion agencies can push for integrity and anti-corruption efforts through training, advisory and facilitation services, and access to information about the business environment and legal framework.

Corruption is a business risk for the private sector. Government and civil society supported anti-corruption initiatives involving the private sector operate to mainstream corporate compliance systems.

Zambia needs structural reforms such as reducing the president’s executive powers and debarring corrupt renewable energy companies in order to reduce corruption.

More and more countries are attempting to recover illegally obtained assets via private actors, which can be faster and more efficient than the criminal avenue based on international cooperation, yet are considerably more expensive.