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Donors can curb corruption risks with multilateral organisations by enhancing framework agreements and working together to build coalitions, align standards, and strengthen monitoring.

Lobbying and corruption are major challenges to meeting our climate targets. Conflict-of-interest rules within the UNFCCC would benefit from moving beyond fragmented internal rules toward a coherent and enforceable framework that governs all participants.

UN internal audits are often hindered by limited independence and underfunding, preventing them from effectively countering the corruption and fraud risks that persist within the system.

Gaza’s institutions, social norms, and humanitarian structures face potential novel risks. However, the long-established aid system of UN agencies, international NGOs, and local organisations still offers an effective route to recovery.